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Acute and Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
First let me explain the difference between acute and chronic. Acute complications are when something happens suddenly. The body
doesn’t have time to adjust to the changes and a person suddenly feels very sick with multiple symptoms.
Chronic complications are
when something happens gradually over time. When this happens the body has time to make adjustments and a person may only have
mild symptoms or possibly none at all. The problem with chronic conditions is that when something adds the extra stress on your body
you don’t have much reserve to fight it.
Acute complications of diabetes are severe and can lead to coma. They are directly related to blood glucose levels and include:
Diabetic ketoacidosis, this more common in Type I diabetes and is caused by the breakdown of fatty acids into ketones when there is
not enough glucose stored in the cells for energy; Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome (HHNS) usually associated with
insulin deficiency and dehydration; and hypoglycemia due to too much insulin/oral medication is used or too little glucose. All three of
these conditions are emergencies and failure to treat quickly can lead to coma and/or death.
Chronic complications of diabetes involve changes in blood vessels, tissues and organs. Consistently high blood glucose levels can
cause a hardening and thickening of the blood vessels which can lead to many other diseases. Cardiovascular disease involves both the
large and small blood vessels that supply blood to your heart. Cerebrovascular disease involves the blood vessels that supply oxygen
and nutrients to your brain. Diabetic Retinopathy is caused by a blockage of blood vessels within the eye that leads to the blood
vessels leaking into the retina. This eventually leads to blindness.
Pathological changes within the kidneys can lead to Diabetic Nephropathy or Kidney Failure. Diabetes Mellitus is the number one
cause of kidney failure and develops in 40 to 50% of all diabetics. It is also the most common cause of death in Type I diabetics.
Diabetes can also cause damage the peripheral nervous system (arms & legs) causing Diabetic Neuropathy. This leads to loss of nerve
function that either results in constant pain or loss of feeling. Erectile Dysfunction is also a chronic condition associated with diabetes.
Causes are a combination of vascular and neurological damage.
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